Powder of ox bone and rock salt, p089r

Table of Contents

Powder of ox bone and rock salt, p089r
Dated Field Notes** **(scroll down for undated field notes):
SUBJECT: finishing the mold and casting in tin
SUBJECT: Finishing the mold
SUBJECT: Calcining Ox Bones
SUBJECT:** **Plan for this afternoon: programing the kiln
SUBJECT: Scraping and drying ox bones and hooves
SUBJECT: Boiling and drying ox bones and hooves
SUBJECT: Some research into calcining/finding if it is common knowledge, etc.
SUBJECT: Research on kiln use and calcining bone
SUBJECT: Ingredient Shopping
SUBJECT: Salt Grinding, Part 2
SUBJECT: Salt Grinding
SUBJECT: Ingredient Shopping
SUBJECT: Ingredient Shopping
Undated Field Notes:
French Transcription:
English Translation:
Similar Recipes:
From other recipe books:
The Materials:

Dated Field Notes (scroll down for undated field notes):



NAME: Michelle Lee, Diana Mellon, Yijun Wang
DATE: Dec. 9, 2014
LOCATION: Chandler 260

SUBJECT: finishing the mold and casting in tin


- Reset the humidifier station, began to humidify the commercial version.
- Regrind the home made sand twice (altogether it is ground three times.)
- the home made sand feels like beach sand, and forms a “sand castle” which takes the form and the detail of the cup well.
- there is a huge difference in terms of the texture between the twice ground homemade sand and the thrice ground homemade sand. Maybe three is the magic number.
- regrind the commercial sand once to make sure it is fine enough, as the salt is still quite granular.








15799640959_99c45e98aa_o.jpg
right after pouring tin: from left to right, mold #1 (original sand, double sided, once ground) and mold #7 (original sand, one sided, thrice ground)


15985669625_9150c241e7_o.jpg
double sided mold, with original sand once ground


15985015572_d89a5e5bb5_o.jpg
from left to right: the original metal, the metal cast from mold #6 (commercial sand, one sided, twice ground), the metal cast from mold #7 (homemade sand, one sided, thrice ground)


15985692085_055750a874_o.jpg
all the metals together! from left to right: original metal, metal from mold #6, metal from mold #7, key metal from mold #1


Conclusion: the detail of the metals were very impressive. we had chosen a metal that had quite a bit of small, fine details, and almost all of them were picked up by both the commercial and homemade sand. if compared, we would say that the commercial picked up slightly more detail than the homemade, but we believe that could be due to the fact that the homemade sand was more dry when we casted the metal than the commercial sand. also, it is important to note that none of the molds steamed or ruined the metals when we poured tin, even right after making the molds. we believe this is most likely due to it being one sided molds, but nonetheless the fact that no steaming or reaction with water happened, even with damp molds, is noteworthy.

also: when we casted the mold that we had left to dry the previous day (mold #1), it actually casted very well, and the ventilation/drain system did work, despite some concern. though there was some filing and finishing that needed to be done from the excess that ran off the edges, we still got a surprisingly good impression for such a coarse sand, with much of the detail intact. we also found that the whole cast of the key was sort of bumpy, and we found that that is due to the coarser texture of the sand; the thrice-ground sand did not create a rough texture on the metal at all, so this indicates a great importance for well ground/finely ground sand.

one more thing: we found that the sand in mold #1 was ROCK solid. we were very surprised, because when we were packing the sand while wet, we all had many concerns about whether or not the sand would even hold when it dried out. however, it was so strongly bound together after being completely dried. something happened chemically to make it so solid, after being so loose while wet! we look forward to seeing if the other molds will be just as hard when we leave them to dry.

NAME: Diana Mellon (& Michelle Lee at around 4:30PM)
DATE: Dec. 8, 2014
LOCATION: Chandler 260**

SUBJECT: Finishing the mold


Prep & execution
IMG_2649.jpg
our set-up to simulate overnight dampness!
IMG_2644.jpg
peeling back the dampened linen...

IMG_2641.jpg
peeling back the partially dampened homemade mixture's layers
IMG_2663.jpg
texture of dampened, homemade rock salt and ox bone mixture
IMG_2645.jpg
peeling back the partially dampened commercial mixture's layers
IMG_2646.jpg
texture of partially dampened, commercial rock salt and ox bone mixture
IMG_2667.jpg
failed attempt - brandy and ring

Plan for finishing tomorrow

NAME: Michelle Lee, Diana Mellon, Yijun Wang
DATE: Nov. 26, 2014
LOCATION: Chandler 260

SUBJECT: Calcining Ox Bones


Experiment plan

set the ramp at a rate of 1100 F/hr
hold the temp at 400 F for 1 hr
set the ramp at a rate of 1100 F/hr
keep at 1500 F for 1 hr

Protocol:

Ram up 1100F/hr to 400F (30 min)
Keep at 400F for 2 hr (120 min)
Ramp up 1100F/hr to 1500F (60 min)
Keep at 1500F for 1 hr (60 min)
Cool down!

Put a few pipes under the shelf, then a few pipes on the shelf, and a terra-cotta tray on the pipes.

9:38 we start the kiln at 82F
9:59 overshoot to 471 F
10:01 the temperature started to decrease
10:07 the temperature is at 422F
10:11 drop to 396 F
10:45 there is moist coming out from the kiln, and we start to smell the beef…it stinks.
12:10 temperature reaches 692 and smoke comes out. the smoke changes color from white to black
Jeff open the flue on the top with a hammer, and smoke goes out smoothly. JEFF SAVES THE DAY
12: 16 the smoke changes color from black to grey.
Donna checked the inside and the interior was smoked.
12:17 at 800 a gust of smoke comes out and a sound of a short and intense whuff. Yijun freaks out…
12:19 much less smoke now
12:20 834 F almost no smoke comes out.
12:21 840 a puff of smoke from the bottom of the kiln, like farting…
12:24 940 F no more smoke after 900 F
12:32 the temp reaches 1040. the rim of the kiln is blackened by the smoke coming out previously.
12:39 1199 all silent, nothing happened.
12:41 we hear a little pop.
1:12 1500 F
1:56 pm complete the cycle at 1500 F: timing shows 4 hr 17 min in total.
2:18 pm 1245F
4:19 pm 786 F. remove the peeps.
4:38 pm pull out the bone from the kiln at a temp of 744 F.

NAME: Michelle Lee, Diana Mellon, Yijun Wang
DATE: Nov. 21, 2014
LOCATION: Kitchen at Apartment at 521 W. 112th St

SUBJECT: Plan for this afternoon: programing the kiln

1. apply the power to the kiln. 8888 then idLE will appear. (Press ENTER if IdLE does not appear)
2. Press 4. USER will appear. Enter a program number from 1 to 9 (choose 1).
3. Press ENTER rA 1 will appear. Enter firing rate for segment 1 (enter “600” for 600 C per hour)
4. Press ENTER F 1 or C 1 will appear. Enter the target temperature (800 C)
5. Press ENTER Hd 1 will appear. Enter segment 1 hold time in hours. 1 hour???
6. Press ENTER if FN 1 appears, and you have an AOP receptacle on your kiln, use th 1 or 2 key to select ON or OFF. Press ENTER
7. Contnue entering values for the segments needed. When RA_ appears for the first segment you don’t need, press 0, then ENTER. IdLE will appear. The kiln ins ready to fire.

NAME: Michelle Lee, Diana Mellon, Yijun Wang
DATE: Nov. 21, 2014
LOCATION: Kitchen at Apartment at 521 W. 112th St

SUBJECT: Scraping and drying ox bones and hooves



NAME: Michelle Lee, Diana Mellon, Yijun Wang
DATE: Nov. 18, 2014
LOCATION: Kitchen at Apartment at 521 W. 112th St

SUBJECT: Boiling and drying ox bones and hooves



The article about the calcination of bone we read today.
Sergio Galeano, M.Sc. and Mari Luz García-Lorenzo, “Bone Mineral Change During Experimental Calcination,” J. Forensic Sci, Nov. 2014 (6).
Bone Mineral Change During Experimental Calcination- An X-ray Diffraction Study.pdf

NAME: Michelle
DATE AND TIME: December 11, 2014
LOCATION: Starbucks on 103rd

SUBJECT: Some research into calcining/finding if it is common knowledge, etc.


Author: Basilius Valentinus.

Title: Of natural & supernatural things also of the first tincture, root, and spirit of metals and minerals, how the same are conceived, generated, brought forth, changed, and augmented / [by] Basilius Valentinus ; translated out of high Dutch by Daniel Cable ; whereunto is added Frier Roger Bacon, Of the medicine or tincture of antimony; Mr. John Isaac Holland, his Work of Saturn; and Alex. Van Suchten, Of the secrets of antimony.

Date: 1671

Bibliographic name / number: Wing / B1020

Physical description: 238 p.

Copy from: British Library

Reel position: Wing / 1395:23

calcining in furnace.gif


"..and calcine it in a reverberating Fur|nace three days and nights, with a great heat, as is taught else|where..."



NAME: Diana
DATE AND TIME: 11/17/2014
LOCATION: 521 W. 112th St

SUBJECT: Research on kiln use and calcining bone


Five not-necessarily-academic sites on how to calcine bone...

1. potters.org thread post response
Martin Howard on mon 12 aug 02

"Bone ash can be made from any bones.
Just put them in a saggar or similar and kiln to 1100 degrees C.
That is what a pet crematorium near me does and I then use the ash in glazes
to give strength.

A few old pots with lids, seconds, are very useful to have near the kiln for
just this kind of purpose.
Some are used for "silver" paper (tinfoil) to give alumina for use in making
a bat wash and for adding to clay for making balls to keep bottoms off the
kiln shelf. Sometimes these second casserole dishes contain quantities of a
herb or other plant, to see what they will do as an addition to raw clay
tile samples."

Martin Howard
Webbs Cottage Pottery
Woolpits Road, Great Saling
BRAINTREE, Essex CM7 5DZ
01371 850 423
martin@webbscottage.co.uk
http://www.webbscottage.co.uk
Updated 6th July 2002

http://www.potters.org/subject55695.htm

2. PREPARATION OF BONE CHAR BY CALCINATION, paper by W Puangpinyo* and N Osiriphan*

"MATERIALS AND METHODS

Calcination. Twenty kilograms of cattle bone were cleaned, all meat remnants, lipids and tendons being removed, and then dried in the sun for 2-3 days. Batches of 3 kg at a time were heated on the plate of a cross draft kiln with a thermocouple. Atmospheric air was flushed into the kiln chamber from room temperature for approximately 1 hour. Then the firing was stopped and the kiln-gate opened gradually to cool down. The process was performed at 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800°C for 1.5 - 2 hours. This yielded 6 batches of bone char weighing 1 kg each. The bone char was ground in a mortar and sieved to obtain 3 - 5 mm grain size. Conventional calcination. For comparison purposes bone char was also prepared as normally used in the ICOH defluoridator, i. e. calcined up to 500°C, then firing stopped.

Bone char properties. The colours of the bone char batches were recorded. The defluoridation capability of the bone char batches was tested by placing 80 g in 3 plastic columns imitating defluoridators. The plastic column set-up is shown in Figure 1. The columns were loaded at the rates of 1 or 4 L/h using water containing respectively 2.56 and 2 mg fluoride/L. Treated water samples were collected every 5 respectively 10 minutes of filtration. The fluoride concentrations were measured using Ion Selective Electrode Orion 720A and Orion 720.

Defluoridation capability. The mean residual fluoride for each kind of bone char tested in the columns was calculated. The mean percentage of fluoride removed was used as an expression of defluoridation capability.

RESULTS

Colour of bone char. The colour of bone calcined at the different from low to high temperatures was different, changing respectively from black to brown, grey and white. For each batch the fraction of the different colours was determined, Table 1."
Screen Shot 2014-11-17 at 10.33.07 PM.png
http://www.de-fluoride.net/2ndproceedings/90-93.pdf

3. Digitalfire Ceramics Materials Database

"Real bone ash is obtained by calcining bone up to approximately 1100°C and then cooling and milling. This material is still manufactured today since some of its important properties are due to the unique cellular structure of bones that is preserved through calcination. Real bone ash has excellent non-wetting properties, it is chemically inert and free of organic matters and has very high heat transfer resistance."

http://digitalfire.com/4sight/material/bone_ash_123.html

4. The effect of sample preparation and calcination temperature on the production of hydroxyapatite from bovine bone powders, paper by Jay Arre Toque et al.

"II. MATERIALS AND METHODS

A. Sample Preparation

Cortical bovine bones were collected from the local slaughter houses. The procured bone samples were cleaned using boiling method to remove organic substances and collagen. This was done to avoid soot formation in the ma- terial during the calcination process. Raw bone was boiled in water for 30 minutes at 99.5oC, and then the water was removed and the bones were washed using fresh water. This process was repeated trice until it yielded white and clean samples. Before boiling, the macroscopic adhering impuri- ties and substances, which include the ligaments and tissues that stick on the bone were shaved and removed. After boil- ing, the bone samples were sun-dried for 3 days. The dried cortical bone samples were cut into shape using hacksaw. The bone powders from cutting chip or sawdust were col- lected and used for this experiment.

The bone powders were calcined in a box furnace at the following temperatures: 700oC, 800oC, 900oC, 1000oC, and 1100oC; with a temperature rate of 5oC/min. The tempera- ture was maintained for 2 hours to remove the organic ma- trix. The bovine bone powders were cooled to room tem- perature by slow furnace cooling."

http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/58/chp%253A10.1007%252F978-3-540-68017-8_39.pdf?auth66=1416281591_6eba0bd74aebee46581c04f85596251e&ext=.pdf

5. Effect of the calcination temperature on the composition and microstructure of hydroxyapatite derived from human and animal bone, paper by M. Figueiredoa

"Abstract

The present work focus the study of cortical bone samples of different origins (human and animal) subjected to different calcination temperatures (600, 900 and 1200 °C) with regard to their chemical and structural properties. For that, not only standard techniques such as thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy were used but also mercury intrusion porosimetry. The latter technique was applied to evaluate the effects of the temperature on the microstructure of the calcined samples regarding porosity and pore size distribution.

Although marked alterations in structure and mineralogy of the bone samples on heating were detected, these alterations were similar for each specimen. At 600 °C the organic component was removed and a carbonate apatite was obtained. At 900 °C, carbonate was no longer detected and traces of CaO were found at 1200 °C. Crystallinity degree and crystallite size progressively increased with the calcination temperature, contrary to porosity that strongly decreased at elevated temperatures. In fact, relatively to the control samples, a significant increase in porosity was found in samples calcined at 600 °C (reaching values around 50%). At higher temperatures, a dramatic decrease was observed, reaching, at 1200 °C, values comparable to those of the non-calcined bone.

2.1. Sample preparation

Hydroxyapatite derived from natural bone (femur diaphysis) of different origins (human, bovine and porcine) was obtained under similar processing conditions. The human bone used in this study was a biologically no longer active femur from a 39-year-old male donor, supplied by the bone bank of Coimbra University Hospital (Portugal) [28].

The fresh bones of each specimen were cut into smaller pieces and cleaned well to remove most adhering impurities. Afterwards, the bones were boiled in distilled water for 30 min for degreasing and easier removal of tissues and bone marrow. This procedure was repeated twice with fresh water. Each diaphysis was then transversely cut into 1.5 cm thickness slices and the trabecular bone inside was carefully removed to obtain only compact bone samples.

Subsequently, the bone samples were totally degreased through immersion in an alcohol series (ethanol at 70%, v/v), followed by washing with distilled water. Then they were kept in hydrogen peroxide (30%, v/v) for at least 48 h and rinsed again. Finally, they were stored in formaldeyde solution (4%, v/v) at 4 °C. Before use, the samples were thoroughly rinsed with distilled water and subsequently dried in a vacuum oven at 50 °C for 3 days. These dry bone samples represent the controls in this study.

Natural hydroxyapatite was obtained after calcination of the human, bovine and porcine bone samples at 600, 900 and 1200 °C. These temperatures were selected after a preliminary thermogravimetric analysis. A systematic series of test samples was prepared by heating the bone slices in an electric furnace at each temperature for 18 h, under air atmosphere. After calcination, the samples were placed inside a desiccator at room temperature and naturally cooled.

Depending on the characterization techniques, samples were used as blocks (the whole slice/half-slice) or as particles (obtained by crushing the slices into smaller pieces and reducing the fragments to powder form by hand grinding in an agate mortar)."

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272884210002683


NAME: Diana Mellon

DATE AND TIME: Nov. 12, 2014 4:30 PM

LOCATION: Fischer Bros. & Leslie kosher butcher, 230 W. 72nd St.

SUBJECT: Ingredient Shopping



Diana picked up 2 calf's feet, cut into pieces, ordered the day before.

NAME: Yijun, Michelle, Diana
DATE AND TIME: 11/11/2014, from 9-11AM
LOCATION: 260 Chandler Hall

SUBJECT: Salt Grinding, Part 2

After receiving the 5 pound bulk bag from Amazon, we decided to grind the salt down a little more, as it was not quite fine enough and too granular. We ground it to a fine powder, but noticed that for whatever reason, the 5 pound salt was lighter in color and much drier than the rock salt we ground earlier in the week from Whole Foods. To our surprise, when we opened the jar of the Whole Foods salt once more, it was definitely "wetter" than the bulk salt, and easily stuck to itself; we can probably say it was quite "fatty" and not "lean." We postulate that this wetter quality is from the minerals contained in rock salt, but we are confused as to why the bulk sand doesn't share the same quality. Perhaps grinding it from larger chunks (since the Whole Foods jar of salt contained substantial pieces of salt that were not ground) contained the mineral content much better from already pulverized salt, or maybe the bulk salt is not true Himalayan rock salt?

NAME: Yijun, Michelle, Diana
DATE AND TIME: 11/07/2014, from 9-11AM
LOCATION: 260 Chandler Hall

SUBJECT: Salt Grinding

We began to grind the Himalayan rock salt purchased at Whole Foods, and it ground fairly well into a grainy powder. We were worried that we would not have enough from the jar that we purchased (the salt is quite expensive), and so Yijun found a bulk bag of finer Himalayan rock salt.

NAME: Yijun, Michelle
DATE AND TIME: 11/06/2014, from 9-10PM
LOCATION: Whole Foods Market on 59th Street, Columbus Circle

SUBJECT: Ingredient Shopping

Yijun and Michelle went to Whole Foods to purchase ingredients for the annotations. While there, we purchased whole pieces of Himalayan rock salt, cream of tartar, 100% concord grape juice, artisan white bread, and cheesecloth (the three last ingredients were for the mustard experiment). Since Whole Foods at Columbus Circle doesn't sell alcohol, a sweet red moscato wine was bought at a local liquor store afterwards.

NAME: Diana
DATE AND TIME: 10/28/2014, early afternoon
LOCATION: Fisher Bros. and Leslie, Kosher Butcher shop on West 72nd Street

SUBJECT: Ingredient Shopping

Diana purchased the upper portion of a cow’s leg from the kosher butcher shop.

Undated Field Notes:


French Transcription:

Sable dos de bœuf brusle
et sal gemme

Je les ay pulverises separem{ent} & subtilies sur le porphire le plus
que jay peu Puys jay mesle aultant dun que daultre & repasse
sur le porphire Je lay apres humecte dans un papier replie dans
une serviette mouillee qui est plus tost faict quau serain de la nuit
ou a lhumeur de la cave Et nen ay point trouve qui despouille plus
net que cestuy cy Il veult estre asses humide Et si tu le veulx gecter
fort tanvre fais quil soict plus chault Il est venu en estain doulx fort net
co{mm}e le principal Et ha soubstenu plusieurs gects Pour lestaim je
croy quil nen fault point chercher de meilleur Ne pour le plomb fin
aussy qui vient quasi plus net que lestaimTou Los de pied de
bœuf est tousjours si aride tout seul que sans estre mesle
dune part ou deulx de quelque sable gras & ayant liaison co{mm}e
le tripoly les sels le foeultre les cendres & choses semblables
il ne despouilleroit pas & ne mouleroit pas net aussy car il sesmie

English Translation:

I pulverised them separately and ground them finely on the porphyry as much as I could. Then I mixed all of one with the other and re-ground it on the porphyry. Afterwards I moistened it in [a sheet of] paper folded in a moist napkin which is made wet more quickly from the moisture of the night, or the [moisture of] the cellar. I have never found [one] which can be removed more cleanly from the mold than this, though it needs to be quite moist. And if you want to cast small works, make it very hot. For tin, I believe that you cannot find a material that takes to powder better, and even for use withfine lead which has almost better results than tin. The bone of an ox hoof is always dry, that is why you must mix it with fatty sand, so it will bind like tripoli, salts, felt, ashes and similar materials. [If you do not mix ox-hoof bone,] it will not turn out from the mold and will not mold cleanly because it crumbles.

Similar Recipes:

p069r: Sand
Once you have molded, it is good to reheat your mold with the smoke of the material you are melting, because the cast would absorb the quality of the metal, then this metal will flow more easily in something thattakes after itself.
The human bones are the best for casting when they are calcined.
Sheep foot bones are even better than the ox foot bones.
p067v: Ox hooves for sand
Being well burned two times & pulverized, they mold very cleanly as sand and do not need to be recooked, but just heated with the flame of straw. But if you are doing core molding, apply the first coat very thinly with your brush, and leave it to dry. Then strengthen the next coats with wadding mixed with this aforementioned sand of bone [hoof] dampened.
It is the cleanest sand one can find for firing.
p088v: Sand from pulverised rock salt and sand from a mineral finely ground on a marble
After they have been dryly ground and beaten in the mortar, they are ground finely on the marble [slab]. I mixed the same quantity of each material, and in order to mix them better, I ground them on the porphyry [slab] again, and then filtered this through a double sieve or the sleeve of a shirt. Then, I put them on sheets of paper and stored it on a marble [slab] in a cellar. In one night, they were both moist enough [that there there was no need] to dampen them further because rock salt, like all other salts, dissolves in dampness. I molded with this very neatly because both should be quite fine. They should be moist enough so it can be removed easily [from the mold].

From other recipe books:

Cennini, The Craftsman’s Handbook
  1. 5 “What kind of bone is good for treating the panels” Chapter VII
You must know what bone is good. Take bone from the second joints and wings of fowls, or fo a capon; and the older they are the better. Just as you find them under the dining-table, put them into the fire; and when you see that they have turned whiter than ashes, draw them out, and grind them well on the prophyry; and use it as I say above.
  1. 5 “How you should start drawing with a style, and by what light” Chapter VIII
The thigh bone of a gelded lamb is good, too, and the shoujlder, clacined in the way desceibed. And then….

Biringuccio, Pirotechnia

Author: Charas, Moyse, 1619-1698.
Title: The royal pharmacopoeea, galenical and chymical according to the practice of the most eminent and learned physitians of France : and publish'd with their several approbations / by Moses Charras, th Kings chief operator in his royal garden of plants ; faithfully Englished ; illustrated with several copper plates.
Date: 1678
Bibliographic name / number: Wing / C2040
Physical description: [8], 272, 245, [15] p.
Copy from: Cambridge University Library
Reel position: Wing / 450:21
eebo.gif


Transcription:
Unguentum Stypticum.
The Restrictive Oyntment.
Rx. Olei communis,
 lb iiij.
 Rx. Common Oyl,
 lb iiij.
Myrtillorum siccorum contusorum,
 lb i ss.
 Whortle-berries dry'd,
 lb i ss.
Aluminis Rupei.
 lb ss.
 Roch-Alum,
 lb ss.
Succi Myrtillorum, &
Juice of Whortle-berries, and
Sorborum immaturorum, an.
 lb j.
 Green-Services, an.
 lb j.
Put the Whortle-berries into a large Earthen glaz'd pot, and pour in the oyl pre|scrib'd: then put the Alum dissolv'd in the Juices, together with the Juices; and ha|ving cover'd the Pot, set it in a boiling-Bath till the moisture be almost quite consum'd: then strain, and strongly press out the whole; and having separated the Oyl from the Feces,
Rx. Olei illius,
 lb iij.
 Rx. Of that same Oyl,
 lb iij.
Cerae Albae,
 {ounce} ix.
 White Wax,
 {ounce} ix.
Melt the Wax in the same Pot in the same Bath: Then take off the Pot, stir the oyntment with a wood'n-pestle; and when it begins to thick'n, and grow half cold,
Rx. Nucum Cupressi,
Rx. Cypress-Nuts,
Myrtillorum,
Whortle-berries,
Balaustiorum,
Pomgranate-flowers,
Corticum Granatorum, & Glandium,
Rinds of Granates, and Acorns,
Acinorum Uvae,
Grape-stones,
Ossis
Single illegible letter
Single illegible letter
crure bovis calcinati,
Bone of an Oxes Thigh calcin'd,
Granorum Sumach,
Grains of Sumach,
Mastiches,
Mastich,
Acaciae,
Acacia,
Aluminis usti, &
Burnt-Alum, and
Corticis mediani Castanearum, an.
 {dram} vj.
 Middle-rind of Chestnuts, an.
 {dram} vj.
Calcine the Oxe-bone in an ordinary fire, burn the Alum over a gentle fire till it be perfectly dry; then beat them together in a great Brass-Mortar, with the rest of the Ingredients, except the Mastich, which must be beaten apart; and having sifted the Powders thus prepar'd, mix them with the oyntment, stirring it till it be perfectly cold.

You shall meet with, in certain Authors, certain Descriptions of this Stiptic Oynt|ment, as also of an Oyntment call'd the Countesses Oyntment, very much esteem'd in practice. But if you examine all the Receipts, you shall find several mistakes that de|serve to be reform'd, and acknowledge that it was not done amiss, to produce a bet|ter, and more Methodical. The Astriction which the Ancients would give to the oyl, by washing it with Alum-water, cannot be very great, since the principal Astriction of the Alum lies in its terrestrerity, which never ascends in Distillation; and that the water drawn by that means alone, or in Distillation, is nothing but a flegm, which contains very little Spirit, and has no Astriction, neither in appearance, nor real. You shall also find, that the Astriction of Alum cannot be imparted to the oyntment, but by the
--page break--
terrestrial part; and that the choice, quantity, and use which is here made of the A|lum, as of all the other Ingredients, are undeniably more regular, then any thing that is to be met with in the Dispensatories, in reference to this oyntment.

The terrestrial and astringent part of the Oxe's Thigh-bone being only necessary for this oyntment, the dissipation of the flegm, spirit, salt, and volatile oyls is not regard|ded, no more then the consumption of the watry and spiritous parts of the Alum, since there is no need of the terrestrial.

They who have this oyntment well prepar'd, need take no care for the Countesses oyntment, the preparation whereof is troublesome, and the vertues much inferiour.

The Styptic oyntment apply'd to the Reins, strengthens them, as also the Ligaments of the Matrix, the descent whereof it hinders, and prevents abortion, anointing the entrance thereof, and the lower part of the Belly. It is also succesfully us'd to close the Neck of the Matrix after lying in, and to consolidate such tearings of the parts as hap|pen sometimes after difficult Labour. It is also very proper against the Relaxation of the streight Gut, apply'd without, and put into the Fundament, and to stop unreason|able losses of blood in Women, apply'd to the Region of the Reins, the Liver, and all the Belly: It is also laid upon the Stomach to stay vomiting. This oyntment causes no heat at all, and may serve in word upon all occasions where there is need of closing and consolidation.

The Materials: